Monthly Archives: February 2009

FreeBSD中使用QUOTA磁盘配额来限制用户空间

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虚拟主机中经常要限制用户空间的大小和文件的数量。这些限制在linux和FreeBSD中都是用QUOTA来实现的。这里我说下在FreeBSD下实现的方法；
开启QUOTA支持
首先需要修改内核加入对quota的支持
machine i386
cpu I686_CPU
#ident GENERIC
ident CNOSvhost
maxusers 0
options QUOTA #就是这行了。
修改好后重新编译内核。
然后在/etc/rc.conf里加入：
enable_quotas=“YES“
check_quotas=“YES“
这样你的系统就起用QUOTA了，你应当通过编辑/etc/fstab的某个文件系统的属性，加入QUOTA的支持。
下面的fstab文件就设置了在/pub文件系统上起用用户配额和组配额
# See the fstab(5) manual page for important information on automatic mounts
# of network filesystems before modifying this file.
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#
/dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1
/dev/ad0s1h /pub ufs rw,userquota,groupquota 2 2
/dev/ad0s1e /tmp ufs rw 2 2
/dev/ad0s1g /usr ufs rw 2 2
/dev/ad0s1f /var ufs rw 2 2
/dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0
proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
设置完fstab文件后，执行下面的命令打开quota
# quotacheck -av
# repquota -a
基本上前期的工作都已经做完了，剩下的就是编辑用户的配额了。
编辑用户配额
# edquota c4st将编辑用户c4st的配额设定，出现的是一个文本编辑器界面：
Quotas for user c4st:
/pub: kbytes in use: 3438, limits (soft = 100000, hard = 100020)
inodes in use: 25, limits (soft = 25, hard = 26)
我们看到设定共分为两行。
kbyters in use:3438表示已经使用了3438kb limits限制(soft=100000软限制100M，hard=100020硬限制)
soft表示达到此值时警告，hard表示的用户实际可以使用的大小。
inodes in use: 25, limits (soft = 25, hard = 26)这行为可以拥有的“文件数量”限定，当然例子给出的数值不太实际，上面的设定，
用户只能创建26个文件。实际应用中，可以根据需要调整inodes的值，比如，你要装一个基于文本库的程序，如lb5000（一种webbbs），
一些cgi文章管理等系统，你就要适当的调大inode的hard设定　?
常见的quota命令
# edquota -t对quota用户使用软限制之前的时间设定，days，hours，minutes或seconds都可以是此设定的单位，值只要是合理就可以。
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
/pub: block grace period: 1 day, file grace period: 1 day
# repquota -a报告文件系统关于quota的信息。
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
wheel — 2 0 0 – 1 0 0 –
operator — 128 0 0 – 2 0 0 –
mysql — 18 0 0 – 9 0 0 –
vhostuser — 36164 100000 100050 – 342 1000 1005 –
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
root — 9136 0 0 – 12 0 0 –
mysql — 18 0 0 – 9 0 0 –
testmin — 18 1000 1050 – 9 1000 1005 –
web — 22152 0 0 – 122 0 0 –
coms_cn — 1550 0 0 – 177 0 0 –
c4st -+ 3438 100000 100020 – 25 25 26 22:56
# Quota　:显示用户的磁盘使用情况和上限。
-g　显示用户所在组的组配额
-l 不显示NFS系统上的配额
-u　显示用户配额
-q　显示使用情况超过配额的简要信息
-v 检查用户的quota设置
# edquota -p test c4st c4st1 c4st2…..
将把用户test的配额设定复制给用户c4st c4st1 c4st2…..
# quotacheck -a这个命令可以定期执行，用来检查全部设定是否正常(可以放到crontab里执行)。

本文来自ChinaUnix博客，如果查看原文请点：http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/4206/showart_519282.html

ports中的make命令的可用参数

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我们经常使用ports来安装程序，ports中的make命令还可以有很多的功能：

引用
fetch – Retrieves ${DISTFILES} (and ${PATCHFILES} if defined) into ${DISTDIR} as necessary.
fetch-list – Show list of files that would be retrieved by fetch.
fetch-recursive – Retrieves ${DISTFILES} (and ${PATCHFILES} if defined), for port and dependencies into ${DISTDIR} as necessary.
fetch-recursive-list – Show list of files that would be retrieved by fetch-recursive.

fetch-required – Retrieves ${DISTFILES} (and ${PATCHFILES} if defined), for port and dependencies that are not already installed into ${DISTDIR}.
all-depends-list – Show all directories which are dependencies for this port.
build-depends-list – Show all directories which are build-dependencies for this port.
package-depends-list – Show all directories which are package-dependencies for this port.
run-depends-list – Show all directories which are run-dependencies for this port.
extract – Unpacks ${DISTFILES} into ${WRKDIR}.
patch – Apply any provided patches to the source.
configure – Runs either GNU configure, one or more local configure scripts or nothing, depending on what’s available.
build – Actually compile the sources.
install – 安装编译结果.
reinstall – 安装编译结果，忽略“已经安装”错误.
deinstall – 卸载这个安装.
deinstall-all – Remove all installations with the same PKGORIGIN.
package – Create a package from an _installed_ port.
package-recursive – Create a package for a port and _all_ of its dependancies.
describe – Try to generate a one-line description for each port for use in INDEX files and the like.
checkpatch – Do a “patch -C” instead of a “patch”. Note that it may give incorrect results if multiple patches deal with the same file.
checksum – Use distinfo to ensure that your distfiles are valid.
checksum-recursive – Run checksum in this port and all dependencies.
makesum – Generate distinfo (only do this for your own ports!).
clean – Remove ${WRKDIR} and other temporary files used for building.
clean-depends – Do a “make clean” for all dependencies.
config – Configure options for this port (using ${DIALOG}). Automatically run prior to extract, patch, configure, build, install, and package.
showconfig – 显示这个port的config选项
rmconfig – 从这个port移除config选项